This study finds that the majority of packaged foods circulating in Indonesia do not meet ideal health standards. Based on an analysis of more than 8,000 food and beverage products across four major cities—Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, and Makassar—around nine out of ten products contain excessive levels of sugar, salt, or fat, or include non-sugar sweeteners. These findings suggest that public exposure to unhealthy foods is far more widespread than previously understood, underscoring the urgency of policy interventions to protect public health. The study also finds that the best practice Nutrient Profile Model—an evidence-based approach that synthesizes models developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and lessons learned from countries in Latin America—is more effective in identifying unhealthy products than the Nutri-Level thresholds currently proposed in Indonesia. With a stricter and more consistent approach, this model provides a stronger foundation for policies such as front-of-pack labeling, marketing restrictions, and fiscal measures. These findings aim to support stronger food regulations in Indonesia that are more transparent, evidence-based, and truly protective of public health.