This study examines the prevalence and nature of illicit cigarettes in six major Indonesian cities by conducting a littered empty-pack survey. The collected empty packs were inspected and analyzed based on their compliance with Indonesia’s tax stamp and pictorial health warning (PHW) regulations to identify illicit and/or non-compliant packs. The findings provide robust evidence to support policymakers in enhancing enforcement efforts, improving tax compliance, and reducing the distribution of illicit cigarettes in Indonesia.